Smart phones or internet pads supporting mobile payment that includes security based, at least partly, on fingerprint authentication, data encryption, and short physical distance wireless communication

ABSTRACT

A mobile information apparatus for making mobile payments associated with a credit card, via a near distance radio frequency wireless communication unit, is herein disclosed and enabled. The mobile information apparatus is at least a smart phone or an Internet-Pad. At least part of the payment information is stored in the mobile information apparatus with an encryption technique. To make a payment, the user is instructed to move the mobile information apparatus to within a limited local physical distance from a wireless output controller; the user authorizes the payment by providing fingerprint authentication; and subsequent to the fingerprint authentication, the mobile information apparatus releases the payment information that includes encrypted data associated with a transaction, over a short range radio frequency communication link, to the wireless output controller for payment and transaction processing.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/710,306 filed Dec. 10, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/903,048 filed Oct. 12, 2010, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 8,332,521 on Dec. 11, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/016,223 filed Nov. 1, 2001, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 7,941,541 on May 10, 2011 and which claims benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/245,101 filed Nov. 1, 2000.The complete disclosures of the above applications are herebyincorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION

Present invention relates to device synchronization and digital outputand, in particular, to providing pervasive output for informationapparatuses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An Information apparatus refers to both stationary computers and mobilecomputing devices (pervasive devices). Examples of informationapparatuses include without limitation desktop computers, laptopcomputers, palmtop (hand-held) computers, personal digital assistants(PDAs), Internet-enabled cellular phones, smart phones, pagers, Internetappliances, e-books, digital pads, Web pads, and digital capturingdevices (e.g., digital cameras and video cameras). An output device 140may include a fax machine, printer, copier, image or video displaydevice, projector, and an audio output device.

For simplicity and convenience, hereafter, the following description mayrefer to an output device as a printer and an output process asprinting. However, it should be understood that the term printer andprinting is used as a specific example to simplify description or may beone exemplary embodiment. The reference to printing used here isintended to be applied or extended to the larger scope and definition ofoutput devices and should not be construed as restricting the scope andpractice of present invention.

Fueled by ever-increasing bandwidth and processing power andever-increasing numbers of wireless mobile devices and availablesoftware applications for pervasive devices, millions of users are orwill be creating, downloading, and transmitting content and informationusing their pervasive computing devices. Unfortunately, the smalldisplay screen of a pervasive device may not provide a good viewingexperience. As a result, there is a need to allow users to easily outputcontent and information from their pervasive computing devices to anyoutput device. People need to output directly and conveniently fromtheir pervasive information apparatus, without depending onsynchronizing with a stationary computer (e.g., desktop personalcomputer) for printing, as an example.

To illustrate, an information worker at an airport receiving e-mail inhis hand-held computer may want to walk up to a nearby printer or faxmachine to have his e-mail printed. In addition, the mobile worker mayalso want to print a copy of his to-do list, appointment book, businesscard, and his flight schedule from his mobile device. As anotherexample, a traveler stopping at a convenience store, gas station, orkiosks may want to print out a copy of the map he just downloaded fromthe Internet using his Internet enable wireless phone (informationapparatus). In still another example, an individual who just finished astock trade or performed an e-commerce transaction using his PDA(information apparatus) may want to print out a copy of his transactionconfirmation, invoice or receipt. In yet another example, a user whotakes a picture with a digital camera may want to easily print it out toa nearby printer.

Conventionally, an output device (e.g., a printer) is connected to aninformation apparatus via a wired connection such as a cable line. Awireless connection is also possible by using, for example, radiocommunication or infrared communication. Regardless of whether theconnection is wired or wireless, a user must first install in theinformation apparatus a printer driver corresponding to a particularprinter model and make. Using a device-dependent or specific driver, theinformation apparatus may process output content or a digital documentinto the printer input space. The printer input space corresponds to thetype of input that a printer understands (herein referred to as printdata). For example, the printer input space or print data may include aprinter-specific input format (e.g., image, graphics, file, dataformat), encoding, page description language, markup language,instructions, protocols or data that can be understood or used by aparticular printer make and model.

Print data may be proprietary or a published standard or a combinationof the two. A printer input space or print data is therefore, ingeneral, device dependent. Different printer models may specify theirown input, designed or adopted for optimal operation by the printermanufacturer according to a specification. Consequently, differentprinters usually require use of specific printer drivers for accurateprinting. A device driver (printer driver in this example) may control,manage, communicate, and output print data to a printer. Sometimes,instead of using a printer or device driver, the device driving featuremay be included as part of an application software. The application inthis example may process the document and communicate directly with anoutput device without utilizing a device driver. Print data is an outputdata sent to a printer. However, the term print data used here isintended to be applied or extended to the larger scope and definition ofoutput data which applies to any output devices including display,projection and audio devices, and this should not be construed asrestricting the scope and practice of present invention.

Installation of a printer driver or application may be accomplished by,for example, manual installation using a CD or floppy disk supplied bythe printer manufacturer. Or alternatively, a user may be able todownload that particular driver or application from a network. For ahome or office user, this installation process may take anywhere fromseveral minutes to several hours depending on the type of driver anduser's sophistication level with computing devices and networks. Evenwith plug-and-play driver installation, the user is still required toexecute a multi-step process for each printer. This installation andconfiguration process adds a degree of complexity and work to end-userswho may otherwise spend their time doing other productive or enjoyablework. Moreover, many unsophisticated users may be discouraged fromadding new peripherals (e.g., printers, scanners, etc.) to their homecomputers or networks to avoid the inconvenience of installation andconfiguration. Therefore, there is a need to provide a way for a user tomore conveniently or easily output digital content to an output devicewithout the inconvenience of manually finding and installing new devicedrivers or printer drivers. Installation of printer drivers, if needed,should be more automatic and transparent to end-users.

In addition, conventional printing methods may pose significantly higherchallenges and difficulties for mobile device users than for home andoffice computer users. The requirement for pre-installation of adevice-dependent driver is in conflict with the concept of mobile(pervasive) computing and output. For example, a mobile user may want toprint e-mail, PowerPoint® presentation documents, web pages, or otherdocuments in an airplane or at an airport, gas station, conveniencestore, kiosk, hotel, conference room, office, home, etc. It is highlyunlikely that the user would find at any of these locations a printer ofthe same make and model as is at the user's base station. Therefore, theuser may have to install and configure a printer driver each time ateach of these locations before printing. Alternatively, it is also not aviable option usually to pre-install all of the possible hundreds, oreven thousands, of printer drivers available to the user's informationapparatus. A mobile information device usually has limited memory andstorage capacity. As a consequence, the user would currently be requiredto install and configure a printer driver each time at each suchdifferent location before printing. Moreover, the user may not want tobe bothered with looking for a driver or downloading it and installingit just to print out one page of email at the airport. This is certainlyan undesirable and discouraging process to promote pervasive or mobilecomputing. Therefore, a more convenient or automated printing solutionis needed so that a user can simply walk up to a printer and easilyprint a digital document without having to install or pre-install aparticular printer driver.

Network printing may partially solve the above problem in a local areanetwork (LAN). Network printing was first motivated to allow people toshare printing resources within a network. Printers are often connectedto the network using a network adapter or network card. Print serversmay be used to manage print jobs (such as spooling). Different clientsmay send print jobs to the print server for queuing, prioritizing andmanaging. The driver of each networked printer may be stored in thenetwork (for example, in an application server) and available forclients to download.

The above configuration is often used in a local area network (LAN) suchas in an office building. An office worker with a mobile or staticcomputing device connected to this network may be able to send a printjob to any printer that is connected to the same network. He either hasthe necessary printer drivers pre-installed in his device or he candownload a driver from the LAN before printing to a particular printer.But once outside of the office building, or meaning outside of his wiredor wireless network coverage, the office worker can no longer print toany printer he or she desires.

In one instance, it has been argued that the idea of local networkprinting can be further extended to the Internet as the larger andpublic network. In an ideal situation, every printer and every computingdevice (information apparatus) is connected to the same network, forexample the Internet. But in reality, extending network printing to abig super-network or the Internet is still unavailable.

Nevertheless, one drawback of network printing may be higher cost. Toconnect the output devices and information apparatus to the samenetwork, additional hardware or software may need to be installed. Andtherefore, the costs of output devices may be raised substantially. Inaddition to hardware and software costs there are also service chargesto maintain the connectivity to a large network such as the Internet.Furthermore, a large permanent network infrastructure would need to bebuilt and made available to each location.

In addition to costs, another drawback of network printing isreliability. Network printing requires perfect function in any part ofthe chain of network hardware, software and services. If any componentof the link is down or not fully functional, for any reason, printingservice may be unavailable, interrupted or result in inaccuracies.

Finally, another drawback of network printing is the issue of security.A user does not feel secure if confidential documents or informationmust pass through the entire network before reaching the printerimmediately in front of him or her. There may be the fear that theconfidential document could be intercepted, viewed, copied or storedwithin any segment of the connected network. There can also be the fearthat the document could actually be printed to a different printerinstead of the intended one. This problem may be caused by, for example,errors in directory service software, a software component that is notup-to-date or corrupted, inconsistent or incompatible software and/orhardware versions, or any combination of human, software, network, orhardware errors. There is also risk when downloading a softwarecomponent (e.g., printer driver) from the network to an informationapparatus. This software component maybe damaged, corrupted or carryinga malicious attack or virus or otherwise modified by hackers. A damagedsoftware component can disrupt or corrupt the user's informationapparatus. Finally, some internal corporate or local networks may rejectunknown documents trying to reach their printers and other outputdevices protected within a firewall. It is therefore more desirable ifthe communication and exchange of information are done locally betweenusers' information apparatus and the selected output device, all withinthe range of the users watchful, and inspecting eyes.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a convenient method ofdigital printing in which a user need not pre-install a device-dependentprinter driver on an information apparatus in order to print.

This invention can provide an easy, friendly and convenient process forprinting. Unlike conventional printing, a user need not manually installa printer driver from a CD, floppy disk, or download it somewhere froman existing static network. With the apparatus and process of presentinvention, all the software components, data, or printer drivers can beloaded to the information apparatus through easy and automaticsynchronization process between the information apparatus and a printerhaving an output controller of present invention. As a result, a mobileuser with an information apparatus equipped with an output manager ofpresent invention can print pervasively virtually at any time, anywhere,to any printer.

Furthermore, this invention can provide a convenient method allowingusers to print to any printer with or without connection to a staticpermanent network for both the information apparatus and the outputdevice. Through local communication and synchronization directly betweenthe information apparatus and the output device, hardware and softwareinstallation for static network connectivity may not be necessary.Therefore printing costs may be reduced.

In addition, this invention can provide a more reliable printing methodthan conventional remote network printing methods or processes. Bycommunicating locally between an information apparatus and an outputdevice, the printing process does not depend on the perfect function ofeach element of a network chain. This chain may include, for example,network connections, network servers, application servers, serviceproviders and application providers. Therefore, the chance of asuccessful printing under present invention is greatly enhanced asprocessing and communication involves fewer elements.

This invention can further provide a more secure printing process thanconventional network printing processes and methods. Uploading ordownloading data or software components such as a printer driver from anoutput device immediately in front of user provides a more securefeeling than dealing with components from a remote location in thenetwork. Components stored in a large network may be perceived to havemore exposure to tampering (e.g., contaminated with a virus). Anerroneous module or component in the network caused by a human orsoftware or hardware error may also disrupt the function of theinformation apparatus. Furthermore, sending a confidential digitaldocument or print data directly to the printer in front of user providesa more secure feeling than if the document is routed through a largenetwork with a plurality of users and servers. There are greaterpossibilities of the document being intercepted, viewed, copied, storedor finally printed on a wrong printer in conventional network printing.

In accordance with present invention, an electronic system and method ofpervasive output allow an information apparatus to output digitalcontent conveniently to virtually any output device. The informationapparatus may be equipped with a central processing unit, input/outputcontrol unit, storage unit, memory unit, and wired or wirelesscommunication unit or adapters. The information apparatus preferablyalso includes output manager that may be implemented as applicationsoftware, a client application, or device driver (printer driver in caseof printer). The output manager may include management and controlcapabilities with hardware and software components including for exampleone or more communication chipsets residing in its host informationapparatus.

The output manager in the information apparatus may be capable ofcommunicating with, managing and synchronizing data or softwarecomponents with an output device equipped with an output controller ofpresent invention. Examples of output devices include, withoutlimitation, printers, fax machines, copiers, image or video displaydevices, monitors, display screens, projectors, and audio outputdevices.

The output controller may be a circuit board, card or softwarecomponents residing in an output device. Alternatively, the outputcontroller may be connected externally to an output device as anexternal component or “box.” The output controller may be implementedwith one or a combination of embedded processor, software, firmware,ASIC, DSP, FPGA, system on a chip, special chipsets, among others. Inanother embodiment, the functionality of the output controller may beprovided by application software running on a PC, workstation or serverconnected externally to an output device.

The output controller may include a processing unit, memory/storage unitand communication adapter unit, among others. The storage or memory unitof the output controller may store device drivers, software componentsor objects encapsulating device dependent data, algorithms, and code.Device dependent data may be, for example, parameters and informationabout the output device and output controller. Software components andobjects may encapsulate for example code or executables of algorithmsnecessary for converting or encoding an image or document description orlanguage into print data or output data compatible with a specificoutput device. The output manager may manage the process of uploadingdata and or software components from an output controller to aninformation apparatus in order to, for example, enable the informationapparatus to generate and transmit print data or output data accuratelyto the output device or the output controller.

Output data (or print data in the case where the output device is aprinter) may be specific data, instructions, page description language,markup language, graphics and or image file format among others. Printdata may also be encoded or compressed with one or more compression orencoding techniques. Furthermore, print data may use one or more openstandards or one or more proprietary techniques and formats, or acombination. Output data (or print data for printers) refers to theelectronic data sent from an information apparatus to the output device.

One implementation of a digital content output process of this inventionincludes the following steps.

1. A user requests to print a digital content from his/her informationapparatus.

2. The information apparatus detects available output devices by adiscovery process.

3. The information apparatus exchanges service information with outputcontrollers associated with the available output devices in a servicenegotiation process. The user may then select one or more output devicesbased on the service information provided.

4. The information apparatus communicates with output controller toidentify and upload the necessary components to enable output to aspecific output device as part of a synchronization process. Theuploaded components or data may then be installed or configured in theinformation apparatus.

5. The digital content intended for output is processed by one or morecomponents to be compatible with the output device. The one or morecomponents include the information apparatus with an output manager, anoutput controller and the output device.

6. The printer engine or display engine or audio engine generates finaloutput.

In the output process of present invention, an output manager residingin the information apparatus may participate in, coordinate and managethe communication and exchange of information/components between itshost information apparatus and output controllers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an output system that can implement theprocess and apparatus of the present invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are block diagrams illustrating exemplary configurationsof hardware components of wireless communication units.

FIG. 3A-3C illustrates various configurations and implementations ofoutput manager with respect to an information apparatus.

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate various configurations and implementations ofoutput controller with respect to a printer or output device.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a pervasive output process of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an exemplary implementation of servicenegotiation process optionally included in the output process of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of different possible configuration of printjob process included in the output process of FIG. 5.

FIGS. 8A-8G show a series of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) renderedat different times on a display screen of an information apparatus.

FIG. 9A-9B is a block diagram of a conventional printing system orprinter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components of anelectronic communication system that may provide an operatingenvironment for the present invention and includes an informationapparatus 100, which is a computing device with processing capability.As illustrated in FIG. 1, examples of information apparatus 100 mayinclude, but are not limited to, a desktop personal computer (PC),laptop computer, palmtop computer, handheld or mobile device, personaldigital assistant (PDA), smart phone, screen phone, set-top box, e-book,Internet pad, digital camera, Internet appliance, pager, etc.

Information apparatus 100 may contain components (not shown) such as aprocessing unit, a memory unit, a storage unit and an input/outputcontrol unit, as are known in the art. Information apparatus 100 mayalso contain an interface (not shown) for interactions with users. Theinterface may be implemented in software or hardware or a combination.Examples of such an interface include, without limitation, a mouse, akeyboard, a touch-sensitive or non-touch-sensitive screen, one or morepush buttons, soft keys, a stylus, a speaker, a microphone, etc.

An information apparatus 100 may be a dedicated single task device (e.g.email terminal, web terminal, e-book, etc) or a general-purposecomputing device with multiple features and functions. These multiplefunctions and features may be implemented by one or more softwareapplications (e.g., applications 302, FIG. 3) installed in theinformation apparatus 100, which may or may not include an operatingsystem. A digital camera 112 equipped with processing capability andfeature sets of the present invention is also an example of aninformation apparatus 100.

Some information apparatuses 100 (e.g., dedicated devices) may bepre-configured by manufacturers with fixed functionalities and features.Other information apparatuses 100 may allow users to install additionalhardware components and application software (e.g., applications 302,FIG. 3) to expand or change functionality. Examples of functionalitiesand applications of information apparatuses 100 may include, forexample, e-mail, messaging, voice communication, web browsing, imageacquisition, text processing, graphics applications, document or imageediting, and output functionalities, among others.

Functionalities and feature sets of an information apparatus 100 may beimplemented in software or hardware or a combination of both. Whenfeatures are implemented in software, this software may be installed bythe manufacturer or by users. Application software may be implementedusing embedded software running on embedded processors or it may run ona specific operating system. Some or all or combinations of applicationsand feature sets may also be implemented in hardware or in silicon. Somefunctionality or feature sets may be implemented in special chip setsand may include one or more or combinations of, for example,application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), systems on achip, firmwares, etc.

Information apparatus 100 may or may not contain an operating system. Inan implementation having an operating system, the operating system mayprovide a variety of application programming interfaces (APIs) or objectmodels (e.g., APIs 300, FIG. 3) for software applications to interfaceand communicate with device drivers. Device drivers in an informationapparatus 100 control and communicate with peripheral devices such asprinters, copiers, fax machines, display monitors, screens, etc. Severaldifferent applications can share a common device driver through the useof APIs or interfaces or object models provided by an operating system,as described below with reference to FIG. 3A. In implementations havingno operating system or an operating system that does not support orprovide a device driver API, each application may have to implement itsown device driver or its own output and communication capability, asdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 3B and 3C. For example, tooutput a digital document to a printer, each application may have toimplement its own printer-specific driving, processing and/orcommunication capability.

In one implementation, information apparatus 100 includes an outputmanager 308 (FIGS. 3A-3C), which is typically implemented in software.Output manager 308 may be implemented or included in a clientapplication, or as a stand-alone application, or as part of anotherapplication software 302B (FIG. 3B), or in the form of a device driver(e.g., a printer driver, in case of a printer being the output device),which may be invoked, shared and used by one or more applicationsoftware programs 302 (FIGS. 3A-3C).

One task for output manager 308 is to manage and coordinatecommunication between information apparatus 100 and one or more outputcontrollers 120. Output manager 308 may, for example, implement anopen-standard or a proprietary communication protocol to directly orindirectly interact with, manage, or utilize functionalities provided byhardware components residing in a host information apparatus 100. Suchhardware components may include, for example, a processing unit, amemory unit and communication chipsets (not shown). Output manager 308may include one or more of the following features and functionalities:

-   -   Output manager 308 may communicate and interact with one or more        software applications 302 included in a host information        apparatus 100 to provide pervasive output capability or feature        to those software applications 302. The type of information        passed from the software applications 302 to the output manager        308 may be, for example, a digital document or digital content        data that needs output. In some instances, application software        302 may invoke or launch the output manager 308 as a separate        application (as shown in FIG. 3C) or as an integrated part of        the application software (as shown in FIG. 3B). Examples of        possible communication and management between output manager 308        and application software 302 may include, among others,        messages, objects models, instances, procedural calls, program        invocation and APIs, which may or may not be provided by an        operating system.    -   Output manager 308 may manage and maintain wired or wireless        communications with output controller 120. Output manager 308        may interact with functionalities implemented by hardware        components of its host information apparatus 100. As an example,        the output manager 308 may manage and interact with the        communication unit in the information apparatus 100. FIGS. 2A        and 2B show an example of communication units using wireless        adapters, as described below in greater detail. A user may        interact with the output manager 308 through a user interface        provided by output manager 308 through the host information        apparatus 100.    -   Output manager 308 may help discover available output devices        140, verify communication connections, identify devices        available or compatible for service, or send or broadcast        service requests to one or more devices.    -   Output manager 308 may communicate with output controller 120 to        identify necessary software components, data, or any other        device dependent information or parameters, if any, that need to        be uploaded from the output controller 120 to the host        information apparatus 100 to enable pervasive output. Software        components may be, for example, a device driver, an application,        a special code or algorithm, an executable object or device        dependent data, parameter, information, etc.    -   Output manager 308 may coordinate with output controller 120 to        upload the necessary components or data from the output        controller 120 to its host information apparatus 100 so that the        user can output digital content pervasively to that output        controller 120 or its associated output device 140.    -   Output manager 308 may perform raster image processing        operations (e.g. rasterization, color management, half-toning        operations) or convert digital content from its original format        into print data compatible for input to a specific output        controller 120 or output device 140. The digital content may be        created, stored or received by the information apparatus 100.        For example, an output manager 308 may convert digital document        information from a certain format or language into a specific        print data or intermediate format or language such as        PostScript, PCL, EMF, XML, TIFF, JPEG, RTL, among others, for        output.    -   Output manager 308 may coordinate or manage the communication        between a host information apparatus 100 and output controller        120 to send or transmit the print data to the output controller        120.

Output Controller 120

An output controller 120 may be implemented as software or hardware andmay be connected to or integrated within an output device 140. Outputcontrollers 120H illustrate hardware implementations in the form of acircuit board or card that is installed or integrated into an outputdevice 140, such as a printer, copiers, fax machine, display screenamong others. In another configuration (not shown), output controller120 may be implemented as a software application or component that isinstalled or integrated into an output device 140. Output controller120G illustrates a hardware implementation in the form of an externalcomponent or “box” that is separately connected to one or more outputdevices 140.

Whether externally connected to or internally installed in output device140, output controller 120 may be implemented with hardware, software,or both, that perform the feature sets and functionalities of the outputcontroller 120 described herein. In the case of output device 140 beinga printer, output controller 120 can also sometimes be called a printerserver. Exemplary configurations and implementations of outputcontroller 120 are described below with reference to FIG. 4.

As one example, output controller 120 may be implemented as a computerconnected to one or more output devices 140. For example, a conventionalPC, workstation or server may serve the purpose of an output controller120. In this case, the functionalities of output controller 120 may beimplemented using application software installed in the computer (PC,server, or workstation), with the computer connected to the outputdevice 140.

An output controller 120 installed or connected to an output device 140,such as a printer, enables the output device 140 to communicate andnegotiate services with information apparatus 100. In oneimplementation, an information apparatus 100 may communicate with anoutput controller 120 connected to a printer or an output controller 120internally installed within a printer to obtain device dependent data orsoftware components such as device specific printer driver. Anapplication such as an output manager 308 residing in the informationapparatus 100 may install and configure the uploaded components or data,allowing information apparatus 100 to print to that printer directly. Anexample of an output process is described below with reference to FIG.5.

Functionalities and feature sets of output controller 120 may includeone or more of the following:

-   -   Provide service to clients—Output controller 120 may actively        search for available clients, including information apparatus        100 or output manager 308 or other communication units, to which        clients' output service could be provided. Alternatively or in        combination, an output controller 120 may passively wait to be        discovered by one or more clients, including information        apparatus 100, to provide output service to the client or        clients.    -   Negotiation of services with information apparatus 100—Output        controller 120 may communicate and exchange information with        information apparatus 100 as part of negotiating the output        services to be provided. As an example, in communication with an        information apparatus 100, an output controller 120 may inform        the information apparatus 100 of the make, model,        identification, version, type of input language, type of device        driver software, type of services provided, type of components        available for upload, etc. for a selected output device 140 such        as a printer. As another example, an information apparatus 100        may send one or more messages to an output controller 120        inquiring about what software component or data, if any, the        information apparatus 100 needs to upload from the output        controller 120 to enable output to a specific output device 140.    -   Provide security functionalities such as authentication and        encryption—Authentication is used to prevent unwanted access to        services, while encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping.        Security procedures may be implemented by software, hardware or        a combination of both, in various steps and stages of        communication between the output controller 120 or the output        device 140 and the information apparatus 100.    -   Payment or transaction management and services—A user may be        charged a service fee when, for example, providing output to a        printer 140 or other output device 140. Output controller 120        may have the ability to calculate and process payment according        to the services requested by or rendered to a client. Output        controller 120 may process payments in various forms such as        cash, E-cash, credit card, debit card, E-card, smart card,        virtual cash, etc.    -   Storage capability—Output controller 120 may include a memory or        storage unit and may store within it one or more of the        following: application software, device or printer driver,        software components, device dependent data or parameters, user        interfaces, etc. Software components or data stored in the        output device 140 or the output controller 120 may be uploaded        to the information apparatus 100 in order for the information        apparatus 100 or the output manager 308 to drive the output        device 140. Software components may be executable or partially        executable programs or data.    -   Synchronize with information apparatus 100—After output        controller 120 or the output manager 308 in information        apparatus 100 identifies the components (software component,        data, information or parameters) necessary to enable output or        printing, the output controller 120 may coordinate with the        output manager 308 to upload to the information apparatus 100        the components stored in a memory or storage unit of output        controller 120.    -   Provide management tools—Multiple information apparatuses 100        may request service from the same output device 140 at the same        time or at overlapping times. Management tools such as queuing        and spooling of print jobs, quality of service, etc. may be        provided by the output controller 120.

As indicated above, output controller 120 may be implemented in avariety of ways and may include hardware, software, or a combination ofthe two. In hardware implementations, for example, output controller 120may include components using one or more of hardware types such as ASIC,DSP, FPGA, firmware, system on a chip, and communication chip set.Output controller 120 may also include embedded processors with softwarecomponents or embedded application software to implement its featuresets, and functionalities. An output controller 120 may or may notcontain an operating system.

Output controller 120 typically includes a memory or storage unit (ROM,RAM, flash memory, disk drive-not shown), which may store one or moresoftware applications, software components and data. Some softwareapplications may run in the output controller 120 to perform itsfunctionalities (e.g., communicate with information apparatus 100).

The memory or storage unit of an output controller 120 may also storedata and one or more software components that may be available to beuploaded to or synchronized with an information apparatus 100 duringcommunication with output manager 308. A software component may be adevice driver or complete application software that can run on theinformation apparatus 100. Once such a software component is uploadedand installed, the information apparatus 100 can drive or output to thatspecific output device 140.

A software component may also be a partial device driver or partialapplication software or partial software component. A software componentmay be an executable or partially executable program, object or code.Software components may encapsulate information, algorithms, and data.Examples (of algorithms that may be included in the software componentsinclude compression/decompression methods, file conversion, graphicsrepresentation and rendering, image processing and enhancementoperations, color space transformation and data conversion,encoding/decoding techniques, color matching and management methods,image transformation, interpolation methods halftoning techniques, userinterface software codes etc. Examples of data that may be included insoftware components include, for example, a color table, color spaceinformation, halftoning tables, output device type, output resolution,bit depth, input type, format or language, communication protocol type,output status, device identification and signature, graphics, image andtext descriptions etc.

Such software components may be uploaded to output manager 308 tofacilitate communication and generation of print data or output datasuitable, compatible or optimized for the output controller 120 or theoutput device 140. The output controller 120 and output manager 308manage and negotiate the proper components to be uploaded to theinformation apparatus 100.

Not all situations require uploading an entire or complete driver orapplication to output manager 308 or information apparatus 100. In someimplementations uploading only a software component may be sufficient.For example, there are many inkjet printers that commonly use one-bit ormulti-bit CMYK printing technology, and sometimes have similarresolutions. An information apparatus 100 may pre-install a more genericprinter driver, where this printer driver contains the deviceindependent portion of the software code, algorithms, and data that iscommon or can be used for this entire class of printers.Device-independent code may include, for example, a rasterizationprocess (including half-toning and color management methods) and imageenhancement of the digital document that is suitable for use with thisentire class of printers. In this example, it is feasible to upload onlya smaller software component or data that includes the device-dependentcomponents for a particular printer or output device 140. Thedevice-dependent portion or component or data may include, but is notlimited to, color tables, halftoning tables, output resolution, bitdepth, compression/decompression methods, color space conversion,encoding algorithms or conversion software that is specific to thatprinter or output device 140.

Another example of a software component stored in the memory unit of anoutput controller 120 for uploading to an information apparatus 100 isan installation wizard or a user interface to capture a user'spreferences for printing or output operation. Examples of userpreferences in the case of printing may include, without limitation,color and print quality parameter adjustments, number of copies, numberof cards per page, number of pages per sheet, duplex, portrait orlandscape, security information, etc.

Once the software components or data are uploaded or installed ininformation apparatus 100, the information apparatus 100 can drive oroutput to the output device 140. For example, an application 302 in theinformation apparatus 100 can print a digital document or image to aprinter.

Different information apparatuses 100 may require different softwarecomponents to be uploaded in order to drive a specific output device140. Accordingly, a variety of software components and data or devicedrivers for a plurality of information apparatuses 100, operatingsystems, and platform types may be stored in the memory or storagecomponents of an output controller 120.

Output controller 120 may contain an embedded operating system to manageits applications. With an operating system, some or all functionalitiesand feature sets of the output controller 120 may be implemented asapplication software. Additional application software may be installedor upgraded to newer versions in order to, for example, provideadditional functionalities or bug fixes.

Output controller 120 may contain a user interface that allows a user toconfigure and manage the functions provided by the output controller120. The user interface of the output controller 120 maybe accomplishedby, for example, using display screens, soft keys, pushbuttons, mouse,stylus and keypads to allow users to interact with and manage thefunctions provided by the output controller 120. Examples of suchfunctions may include any or all of an on-off power switch, statusdisplay or indicator, cancel current job, or reorder existing jobs, etc.

Output controller 120 typically also includes a communication or adapterunit, which allows output controller 120 to communicate with otherdevices including information apparatus 100 through wired or wirelessconnections. Exemplary configurations of wireless adapter orcommunication unit are described below with reference to FIG. 2.

When output controller 120 is implemented as firmware, or an embeddedapplication, the configuration and management of the functionalities ofoutput controller 120 may be optionally accomplished by, for example,using controller management software in a host computer (not shown). Ahost computer may be a desktop personal computer (PC), workstation, orserver. The host computer may be connected locally or through a networkto the output device 140 or controller 120. Communication between thehost computer and output controller 120 can be accomplished throughwired or wireless communication. The management application software inthe host computer can manage the settings, configurations, and featuresets of the output controller 120. Furthermore, a host computerconfiguration application may download or install application software,software components or data in the output controller 120 for the purposeof upgrading, updating, and or modifying the features and capabilitiesof the output controller 120.

Output device 140 in one implementation includes or is connected tooutput controller 120 described above. Therefore, functionalities andfeature sets provided by output controller 120 are automaticallyincluded as part of the functionalities of output device 140. The outputdevice 140 may, however, implement or include other controllers orapplications that provide at least partially the features andfunctionalities of the output controller 120.

Therefore, the output device 140 may include some or all of thefunctionalities and feature sets provided by the output controller 120.

Output Device 140

Output device 140 is an electronic system capable of outputting digitalcontent regardless of whether the output medium is a substrate (e.g.,paper), a display image, a projection, or sound. A typical example ofoutput device 140 may be a printer, which outputs digital documentscontaining text, graphics, images or any combination onto a substrate.Output device 140 may also be a display device capable of displayingstill images or video, such as, without limitation, televisions,monitors, and projectors. Output device 140 can also be a device capableof outputting sound. Any device capable of playing or reading digitalcontent in audio (e.g., music) or data (e.g., text or document) formatsis also a possible output device 140. A printer (including a faxmachine, copier, etc.) is frequently referred to herein as the exemplaryoutput device 140. However, it should be recognized that the presentinvention applies as well to output devices 140 other than printers.

FIG. 9A is a block diagram of a conventional printing system or printer900A having three basic components: raster image processor (RIP) 902, amemory buffer 904, and a marking engine 906. Raster image processor 902converts digital content into a bitmap suitable for printing; memorybuffer 904 holds the rasterized image ready for printing; and markingengine 906 transfers colorant to a substrate (e.g., paper).

Marking engine 906 may use any of a variety of different technologies totransform a rasterized image to paper or other media or, in other words,to transfer colorant to a substrate. The different marking or printingtechnologies that may be used include both impact and non-impactprinting. Examples of impact printing may include dot matrix, Teletype,daisywheel, etc. Non-impact printing technologies may include inkjet,laser, electrostatic, thermal, dye sublimation, etc.

Marking engine 906 and memory buffer 904 of a printer 900 form itsprinter engine 908, which may also include additional circuitry andcomponents, such as firmware, software and or chips or chipsets fordecoding and signal conversion etc. (not shown). Input to a printerengine 908 is usually a final rasterized print data generated by theraster image processor 902. Such input is usually device dependent andprinter specific. The printer engine 908 may take this device dependentinput and generate output pages.

Raster image processor (RIP) 902 may be located within the printingdevice itself (as shown in FIG. 10A) or externally implemented ashardware, software, or a combination. As an example, RIP may beimplemented in a software application or device driver in theinformation apparatus. A RIP may also reside within a printercontroller, a print server or an output controller of present invention.Examples of raster image processing operations may include image andgraphics interpretation, rasterization, segmentation, color spacetransformation, image enhancement, color correction, halftoning etc.

When a RIP 902 is located inside an output device 140, the RIP 902 isusually included in a printer controller 910 that may, for example,interpret, convert and/or rasterize input print data into a finalformat, language or instructions that printer engine 908 can understand.A laser printer with a faster printing speed is an example that falls inthis category. For example, a PostScript printer controller 910 maycontain a postscript interpreter (not shown) and a raster imageprocessor 902 (RIP). Postscript interpreter interpret the postscriptlanguage and the raster image processor 902 may process the digitaldocument and converting it to a printer specific format, language orinstructions that can be accepted by the printer engine 908. In thisexample, a device-dependent printer driver (e.g., a Postscript driver,not shown) may be needed in the information apparatus 100 to convertdigital document from its original format into print data (e.g. inPostScript) that is acceptable to the printer controller 910.

Another example of page description language is PCL (Printer CommandLanguage) from HP (Hewlett Packard). In the same way as postscript, aprinter equipped with PCL printer controller 910 can take PCL as input.Information apparatus 100 usually needs to have PCL printer driver inorder to drive or print to a printer equipped with a PCL controller.

Although the illustrations above use PostScript and PCL as examples, avariety of other page description languages, markup languages, imageformats, graphics formats, and file formats may also be used as inputprint data 920 to a printer 900 or output device 140. Examples ofpossible inputs other than PostScript and PCL may include withoutlimitation, EMF, XML, HTML, among many others. Some printermanufacturers may also use a combination of proprietary ornon-proprietary page description languages, markup languages, fileformats, graphics and image formats, color spaces, metafiles, encoding,decoding, compression or decompression etc. for the print data 920.Print data 920 sent to printers with printer controllers 910 are usuallyintermediate descriptions of a digital document that may require furtherinterpretation, processing and/or conversion before it can be send aprinter engine for output. A printer controller 910 may interpret andprocess the input intermediate print data information into the finalformat that can be understood by the printer engine 908. Regardless ofthe type of print data 920, users usually have to pre-install adevice-specific driver in their information apparatus 100 in order tooutput the proper language, format, or file that can be accepted by aspecific printer 140.

Some output devices 900B do not have a printer controller 910 as shownin FIG. 9B. A typical example is a lower-cost inkjet printer. RIP inthis example may be implemented in a software application 302 or devicedriver or output manager 308 of present invention in the informationapparatus 100. Therefore, the rasterization process may occur in theinformation apparatus 100 that outputs to such a printer. Adevice-specific driver or application may need to reside in theinformation apparatus 100 to rasterize and convert the digital documentfrom its original format into final print data 920B (e.g., compressedCMKY data with one or more bits per pixel) that can be understood by aparticular printer engine 908B.

In present invention, for the printer 900B, RIP can be integrated withinthe output manager 308 or application software 302 in the informationapparatus 100. Alternatively, RIP may also be integrated as a part or afunction of any one of output controllers as shown in configurations120D, 120E, and 120F.

The output controller 120 may be connected externally to an outputdevice 140 or integrated internally into the output device 140. If anoutput device 140 such as a printer already includes a printercontroller 910, the output controller 120 may be implemented serially orcascaded with the printer controller 910 as two separate controllers.Alternatively, output controller 120 can be integrated with a printercontroller to become a “combined controller” 120C. A combined controller(e.g., 120C or 120F) has functionalities of both printer controller 910(e.g., input interpretation and or raster image processing) and outputcontroller 120 of the present invention. Other configurations andimplementations of output controller 120 and printer controller 910 arealso possible. The various possible configurations and implementationsof output controller are described below with reference to FIG. 4.

Communication Unit

Communication links 150 and 160 between information apparatus 100 withan output controller 120, whether externally connected and or internallyintegrated, may be variously implemented. In one implementation,information apparatus 100 communicates with output controller 120through wireless connections such as infrared or radio links. Examplesof wireless connections technology include without limitation IrDA, homeRF, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, HiperLan2, among others. However, wiredconnections such as serial interfaces, parallel interfaces, USBinterfaces, Fire Wire (IEEE 1394), Ethernet and token ring network amongothers may also be implemented in the present invention. Adapter pairsmay be incorporated into each communicating node (e.g., informationapparatus 100 and output controller 120) to conduct communications byperforming signal conversions.

In the case that output controller 120 is installed as an externalcomponent or “box” (as shown in FIG. 4A), the communication link 170between output controller 120 and output device 140 may also beimplemented using wired or wireless adapters.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are block diagrams illustrating two exemplaryconfigurations and implementations of wireless communication adaptersthat may be included in an information apparatus 100, output controller120 or output device 140. Referring to FIG. 2A, a radio adapter 200 maybe implemented to enable data/voice transmission among devices throughradio links. A RF transceiver 214 coupled with antenna 216 is used toreceive and transmit radio frequency signals. The RF transceiver 214also converts radio signals into and from electronic signals. The RFtransceiver 214 is connected to a RF link controller 210 by an interface212. The interface 212 may perform functions such as analog-to-digitalconversion, digital-to-analog conversion, modulation/demodulation andother data conversion functions.

RF link controller 210 implements real-time lower layer (e.g., physicallayer) protocol processing that enables the hosts (e.g., informationapparatus 100, output controller 120, output device 140, etc.) tocommunicate over a radio link. Functions performed by the linkcontroller 210 may include, without limitation, errordetection/correction, power control, data packet processing, dataencryption/decryption and other data processing functions.

A variety of radio links may be utilized, including a group of competingtechnologies operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed frequency band. Thisgroup currently includes Bluetooth, Home radio frequency (Home RF) andimplementations based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. Each of thesetechnologies has a different set of protocols and they all providesolutions for wireless local area networks (LANs). Interference amongthese technologies could limit deployment of these protocolssimultaneously. It is anticipated that new local area wirelesstechnologies may emerge or that the existing ones may converge.Nevertheless, all theses existing and future wireless technologies maybe implemented in the present invention to transmit data betweendifferent devices without limitation and therefore in no way depart fromthe scope of present invention.

Among the current available wireless technologies, Bluetooth requiresrelatively lower power consumption. Bluetooth has its own protocol stackand is designed for short range (10 meters), point-to-multipoint voiceand data transfer. It is based on a frequency-hopping version of spreadspectrum. Seventy-nine hop frequencies are utilized beginning at thelowest frequency of 2402 MHz and each of the 79 hop frequencies is 1 MHzabove the next lower frequency. Bluetooth-enabled devices operate inpiconets, in which several devices, using the same hopping pattern orsequence, are connected in a point-to-multipoint system (piconet). Onedevice (master) in each piconet determines how the bandwidth isallocated to other devices (slaves). As many as 10 piconets of 8 deviceseach can operate simultaneously.

Referring to FIG. 2B, infrared (IR) adapters 220 may be implemented toenable data transmission among devices through infrared transmission.The IR adapters 220 may be conveniently implemented in accordance withthe Infrared Data Association (IrDA) standards and specifications. Ingeneral, the IrDA standard is used to provide wireless connectivitytechnologies for devices that would normally use cables for connection.The IrDA standard is a point-to-point (vs. point-to-multipoint as inBluetooth), narrow angle, ad-hoc data transmission standard designed tooperate over a distance of 0 to 1 meter and at speeds up to 4 Mbps.

Configuration of infrared adapters 220 may vary depending on theintended rate of data transfer. FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment ofinfrared adapter 220. Transceiver 226 receives/emits IR signals andconverts IR signals to/from electrical signals. A UART (universalasynchronous receiver/transmitter) 222 performs the function ofserialization/deserialization, converting serial data stream to/fromdata bytes. The UART 222 is connected to the IR transceiver 226 byencoder/decoder (ENDEC) 224. This configuration is generally suitablefor transferring data at relatively low rate, for example 115.2 kbps orbelow. Other components (e.g. packet framer, phase-locked loop) may beneeded for higher data transfer rates.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate exemplary configurations of wirelessadapters. Such adapters are implemented into devices (e.g., informationapparatus 100, output controller 120, output device 140, etc.) to enablewireless communications among/between them. Wired links, however, suchas parallel interface, USB, firewire interface, Ethernet and token ringnetworks may also be implemented in the present invention by usingappropriate adapters and configurations.

Different Output Manager Configurations and Processes

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate different implementations of output manager 308.FIG. 3A shows an exemplary configuration of output manager 308 in whichits host information apparatus 100 includes an operating system. Suchinformation apparatuses 100 may include, without limitation, desktop PC,laptop PC and handheld or palmtop computer, among others. The operatingsystem provides API's or object models 300 for software applications 302to interface and communicate with various device management applicationssometimes called device drivers. Output manager 308 in this case may becharacterized as one of the device management applications or devicedrivers. Different software applications 302A can share the same outputmanager 308 through the use of API's 300 provided by an operatingsystem.

As shown in FIG. 3A, email application 302 A1, document creationapplication 302 A2 and Internet browsing application 302 A3 (referred togenerally or together as application software 302) may operate on top ofor through an operating system included in the information apparatus100. The operating system provides or supports API's or object models300 for these software applications 302 to communicate with and accessutilities and services provided by output manager 308. Applicationsoftware 302 and output manager 308 may communicate with each otherthrough a variety of means using for example file transfer, metafile,messages, instances, procedural calls, etc., which may or may not beprovided by the operating system or its API's or object models 300. Theoutput manager 308 communicates and synchronizes with output controller120 to enable pervasive output. Therefore, a user may output digitalcontents from any of these software applications 302 (email, documentcreation, Internet browsing, etc.) to an output device 140 equipped withor connected to output controller 120.

It should be recognized that the three software applications302(1)-302(3) illustrated in FIG. 3 are merely examples of applicationsthat may be included in the information apparatus 100. Various othersoftware applications 302 (e.g., messaging, digital imaging, graphics,video, audio, etc.) may also exist in the same information apparatus 100and they may all access the utilities provided by the output manager308. It should also be recognized that other device managementapplications or drivers might also be included in the informationapparatus 100. These device management applications or drivers may beimplemented in the same way as output manager 308 so that they can beaccessed by other software applications supported by the operatingsystem.

FIGS. 3B and 3C illustrate exemplary configurations of output manager308 when information apparatus 100 includes, respectively, no operatingsystem or a less capable operating system that does not provide API's orobject models 300 for software application 302 interactions. Examples ofsuch an information apparatus 100 may include, without limitation, PDA,smart phone, pager, Internet pad, email terminal, digital and videocameras, ebook and other dedicated devices etc. In this case, eachsoftware application 302 in the information apparatus 100 provides orimplements the capabilities to enable pervasive output. As shown in FIG.3B, each software application 302 B1-302 B3 integrates output manager308 or includes the features of output manager 308 to enable pervasiveoutput. It should be recognized that, even in an environment where thereis a complete operating system, application software 302 can stilldecide to implement its own output or device management capabilities (asshown in FIG. 3B) and not depend or use the functionalities or API's orobject models 300 provided by an operating system to facilitate accessof output manager as a separate application.

Instead of integrating the output manager 308 into application software302, an alternative implementation is shown in FIG. 3C. The softwareapplications 302 C1-302 C3 may establish direct links with the outputmanager 308, which may be used as a helper program that can be invokedor launched by each software application 302 as needed.

The communication and exchange of information between output manager 308and other software applications 302 can be accomplished by one or moreof many available techniques, such as passing, transferring orexchanging objects, messages, procedural calls, files, metafiles, etc.Some of these techniques may be facilitated by a set of APIs or objectmodels provided by the application software 302 or output manager 308 orthe operating system. The exact technique may depend for example on thetype of application, platform, language, and developer preference etc.This may be easily implemented and recognized by an average softwareengineer skilled in the art.

The above are merely exemplary implementations of output manager 308.Due to the diversity of feature sets and capabilities of operatingsystems, other implementations of output manager 308 are also possible.As an example, some operating systems may provide partial APIs or objectmodels to support limited output capability. In this case, softwareapplications 302 may rely on the limited output capacity to interactwith device management applications, or the software applications 302can implement or incorporate partially other desired output features ofthe output manager 308 using the configurations or combination ofconfiguration illustrated in FIGS. 3B or 3C.

Different Output Controller Configurations and Processes

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate various alternative configurations andimplementations of output controller 120. As described above, a printer900A (FIG. 9) may include within it a RIP 902 or printer controller 910.Such printer 900A is usually more powerful and therefore more expensivethan printers without these features. One example of such printer 900Ais high-speed laser printer. Output controller 120 may be variouslyimplemented in printers regardless of whether they include a printercontroller.

FIG. 4A shows that output controller 120 may be cascaded externally toone or more printers (only one shown). Information apparatus 100communicates with output controller 120A, which then communicates withoutput device such as a printer 104A. The communication link between theoutput controller 120A and the printer 140A may be a wired link or awireless link, as described above.

FIG. 4B shows another implementation in which output controller 120B isinstalled as one or more circuit boards or cards internally insideprinter 140B. The output controller 120B may co-exist with printercontroller and other components of the printer 140B. One example of thisimplementation is to connect output controller 120B sequentially withthe printer controller.

FIG. 4C show a third implementation in which the functionalities ofoutput controller 120 and printer controller 910 are combined into asingle controller (-referred to as “combined controller”) 120C. Thecombined controller 120C is a more capable controller. In thisimplementation, it is possible to reduce the cost of material whencompared to implementing two separate controllers as shown in FIG. 4B.As an example, the combined controller 120C may share the sameprocessors, memories, and storages to run the applications andfunctionalities of the two types of controllers and therefore, may havelower component costs when compared to providing two separatecontrollers.

Some printers do not include a raster image processor or printercontroller 910, as illustrated in FIG. 9B, and as a result are usuallyless expensive. An example of this type of printer is a low-cost desktopinkjet printer. This type of printer may use a proprietary or publishedinput format. For example, the input to an inkjet printer may consist ofspecific proprietary compressed CMYK data with one or more bits perpixel input. Application software 302 or printer drivers included ininformation apparatus 100 usually perform raster image processing. It istherefore necessary that the proper device driver or applicationsoftware runs the raster image processing on an information apparatus100 before printing. Accordingly, output controller 120 may beimplemented into a variety of printing systems, including printerswithout capable or complete printer controllers for performing rasterimage processing functions.

FIG. 4D shows as a fourth implementation of output controller 120D thatis installed in an external component or “box,” which is connected to aprinter 140D that does not include a printer controller or raster imageprocessor. In this configuration, an application software 302 or devicedriver 308 in information apparatus 100 would typically perform therasterization function. However, some or all operations of raster imageprocessing may also be implemented in the output controller 120D. Anyprint data sent to the printer 140D from the output controller 120D ispreferred to be in a final format that can be understood and processedby the printer engine of the printer 140D. As in other examples,connection between output controller 120D and output device 140D can bewired or wireless. Connection between information apparatus 100 andoutput controller 120D is preferred to be wireless, for example.

FIG. 4E shows as a fifth implementation of an output controller 120Ethat is incorporated within printer 140E as one or more circuit boardsor cards and may contain software and applications running on anembedded processor. As with printer 140D (FIG. 4D), printer 140E doesnot include a printer controller or raster image processing capability.Accordingly, information apparatus 100 would typically performrasterization functions in this implementation. However, raster imageprocessing could alternatively be provided completely or partially byoutput controller 120E, for example, to speed up raster image processingoperations for an information apparatus 100 having limited processingand memory capabilities.

FIG. 4F shows a sixth implementation, a combined controller 120F thatintegrates the functionalities of a printer controller and an outputcontroller into a single external combined controller component or “box”120F. The two controller functions may share a common processor as wellas a common memory space to run applications of the two types ofcontrollers. Under this configuration, either information apparatus 100or the combined controller 120F could perform or share raster imageprocessing functionality. One exemplary implementation of the combinedcontroller 120F shown in FIG. 4F is to use an external computing device(PC, workstation, or server) running one or more applications thatincludes the functionality of output controller 120 and printercontroller 910.

The above are exemplary implementations of output controller 120, butother implementations are also possible. For example, partialfunctionalities of output controller 120 may be implemented in anexternal “box” while the remaining functionalities may reside within anoutput device 140 as a separate circuit board or integrated with aprinter controller. As another example, the functionalities of outputcontroller 120 may be implemented into a plurality of external boxesconnected to the same output device 140. As a further example, the sameoutput controller 120 may be connected to and service multiple outputdevices 140.

FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of output process using a printer asprimary output device 140. It should be recognized, however, thefollowing described process can be similarly applied to other outputdevices 140 such as fax machines, digital copiers, display screens,monitors, TVs, voice output devices, etc

Step 500 indicates that a user initiates output from an informationapparatus 100. For example, a user may want to print or otherwise outputan email, receipt, confirmation, map, photo, graphics, web page, one ormore slides of a PowerPoint®-brand presentation, or any other documentor digital content from an information apparatus 100. The output may beinitiated by various means, such as by using a soft key, push button,keyboard, keypad, mouse, stylus, software GUI, command or voiceactivated command, etc. An exemplary user interface with which a usermay initiate such a process from an information apparatus 100 isdescribed below with reference to FIG. 8. Step 500 and one or more othersteps of output process, shown in FIG. 5, may be implemented by anoutput manager 308 residing in a user's information apparatus 100.

Step 502 references a discovery process in which, for example,information apparatus 100 searches for available output devices 140,including display devices, printers, copiers or fax machines amongothers (collectively refer to as “printers” here for simplicity ofdiscussion), that can perform a requested output or print job. Theoutput manager 308 residing in the information apparatus 100 mayparticipate in, coordinate and manage the discovery process 502. As partof discovery process 502, information apparatus 100 may communicate viaa wired or wireless connection with output controllers 120 that areconnected to or included in output devices 140.

In some situations, the discovery process 502, or part of it, may beskipped. For example, discovery process 502 may be skipped if a useralready knows the output device or printer to which output is to bedirected. As another example, a user may set a frequently used printeras a preferred default printer so that discovery process 502 may bepartly skipped if the default printer is found to be available. Otherexamples in which discovery process 502 may be optional or partlyskipped involve direct wire line connections or infrared communications.In these cases, a user may directly connect or physically point aninformation apparatus 100 to a specific output device 140 so that itcould be sufficient only to check the connection and establishcommunication between the devices.

Discovery process 502 may operate in a variety of scenarios. In onescenario, information apparatus 100 broadcasts a service request, forexample printing, through wired or wireless signals. Service devices,such as output device 140 equipped with output controller 120, “listento” such signals, “read” the request, “see” whether they can providerequested service, and respond if they can provide the requestedservice. Alternatively or in combination, all service devices canperiodically or continuously announce or advertise the services theyprovide. Information apparatus 100 “listens to” such announcements andidentifies the service it needs. In a third scenario, service devices ofthe same network (e.g., LAN) register their services with a controlpoint. A control point is a computing system (e.g. a server, controller)that maintains records on all service devices within the same network.Information apparatus 100 may contact the control point to search forthe service it needs.

Various protocols may be implemented in the discovery process 502.Wireless communication protocols are preferred. Wired communication, onthe other hand, may also be implemented. Examples of applicableprotocols may include, without limitation, Bluetooth, HAVi, Jini,Salutation, Service Location Protocol, and Universal Plug-and-play,among others. Other proprietary protocols or combinations may also beimplemented in the discovery process.

In the discovery process 502, information apparatus 100 may or may notfind an output device 140 available to accept its print or output job.Exemplary factors that may impact the availability of output devices 140may include, without limitation, the following:

Physical distance—Some wireless communication links may imposelimitations on physical distance between communicating devices. Therestrictions on physical distance may vary among different wirelesscommunication technologies. Wired communication, on the other hand, isalso subject to the availability and length of cable or other wiredlines.

Compatibility—The output process with reference to FIG. 5 employscommunication and coordination among various devices such as aninformation apparatus 100 having output manager 308, and outputcontrollers 120 associated with output devices 140. Compatible hardwareand software components may need to reside in each of the communicatingnodes (e.g., information apparatus 100 and output device 140). Anymissing part may cause compatibility problems. Other factors may alsocause lack of compatibility. For example, components stored in thememory unit of output controller 120 may not support the operatingsystem or application software 312 included in the information apparatus100.

Security authentication—Security authentication may be implemented invarious steps of communication, including the discovery step 502.Security authentication may be required for example when an outputservice is restricted to a certain group of users or informationapparatuses. When a user requests service, output device 140 or outputcontroller 120 may process an authentication step by automaticallydetecting the identification or other information provided by the user,output manager 308 or information apparatus 100. As a result of such anauthentication process, the information apparatus 100 of a particularuser may not be able to discover an available output device 140 becauseaccess is not authorized for the user or the apparatus.

User specified search criteria—The user may specify certain searchcriteria for discovery process 502, such as output device model, qualityof service provided, range or price of service charge, etc. Outputdevices 140 not satisfying user criteria or a default profile may not beshown to the user.

Step 506 indicates that the user is notified if no available outputdevice 140 is found in the discovery process 502. The user may benotified by an application such as the output manager 308 through a userinterface of the information apparatus 100. The information apparatus100 may also provide more detailed information such as the reasons whythe requested service is not available. Examples of possible reasons mayinclude, among others: no output device within limited physicaldistance, no compatible hardware or software components, technicaldifficulties, security authentication not satisfied, no subscription tothe service, search criteria not met, etc.

Step 508 indicates that alternatives are provided when a requestedservice is not available at the current moment. The user may be providedwith alternatives such as canceling the service request, trying again,or being notified when the requested service is available or therequested output device 140 is identified or becomes available. As anexample, the user's information apparatus 100 may not detect anyavailable output devices 140 in the current wired/wireless network. Theprint requests are then queued or registered within the informationapparatus 100. When the user enters a new network having availableprinters, or when new compatible printers are added to the currentnetwork or when a printer becomes available for any reason, the userwould be notified of such availability through the information apparatus100. The user may then output the print job to the newly detected or nowavailable printer with, for example, a mere click of a button. Thisdetection and notification function may be implemented by a softwareprogram or as a feature of the output manager 308. This feature may alsobe implemented in hardware or combination of hardware and softwareresiding in the information apparatus 100.

Step 514 indicates that service negotiation is performed, such as whenone or more available printers are discovered in the discovery process502. In service negotiation process 514, information apparatus 100exchanges information with output controllers 120 connected to orinstalled in the available output devices 140. The output manager 308may participate in, coordinate or manage negotiation process 514 withoutput controller 120. Information being exchanged may include, forexample, the following:

Type, make and model of each available output device 140, includinginformation about the printer engine, its technology and specificationsof the output device.

Type and parameters of the output device 140 such as font orinternational character code supported, paper size, resolution, bitdepth, color space, number of colors supported, color or grayscale etc.

Type of service and quality of service provided by each available outputdevice 140.

Conditions under which the services are provided (e.g., service charge,subscription charge) and whether, for example, transaction and servicecharges are satisfied.

Whether the usage or service of each output device 140 is restricted tocertain groups, in which case the user may have to provideauthentication information to be identified as member of such a groupbefore use of that device is allowed.

Type, make and model (including operating system) of the informationapparatus 100.

The type of input format, encoding, language, data, color space, and orcompression that the output controller 120 or other device may take asinput, for example, PostScript, PCL, RTL, XML, etc.

The type of component or data that may need to be uploaded from outputcontroller 120 to information apparatus 100 so as to enable output to aspecific output device.

The information being exchanged may be entered manually by the user ormay be automatically detected and or synchronized between theinformation apparatus 100 and the output controller 120 or it may bepartially assisted by the user or partially automated. Some or all ofthe information being exchanged may be provided to the user through auser interface in the information apparatus 100. The user may monitorthe status or approve certain transactions. One embodiment of theservice negotiation process 514 is described below with reference toFIG. 6. Based on the information provided and obtained in the servicenegotiation process 514, the user may choose one or more output devices140 that can take the print or output job.

Step 516 indicates that a synchronization process is performed once anoutput device 140 has been identified and selected. Beforesynchronization process 516 begins, the information apparatus 100 maycommunicate with the output controller or controllers 120 of theselected output device or devices 140 to identify what components, ifany, need to be uploaded to the information apparatus 100 to enableprinting or other output. This communication between informationapparatus 100 and output controller or controllers 120 may not benecessary if adequate information has been obtained in the discoveryprocess 502 and or service negotiation process 514. Synchronizationprocess 516 may be optional or it may be partially skipped if thenecessary components (e.g., identified in the service negotiation step514) already exist in information apparatus 100.

After they have been identified, the necessary components or parts ofcomponents or data may be uploaded to the information apparatus 100 fromoutput controller 120. Examples of possible components may include,without limitation, one or more of the following: data, device driver,printer driver, application software, software components, metafiles,user interface etc. The output manager 308 may participate in,coordinate or manage the synchronization process 516. Encryptiontechniques may be implemented in the synchronization process 516 toprevent eavesdropping.

The newly uploaded components may be incorporated into the outputmanager 308 residing in the user's information apparatus 100.Alternatively or in combination, the newly uploaded components may beinstalled into the information apparatus 100 as a separate applicationor as part of the output manager 308. The process of uploading andinstalling may be done automatically or manually by the user, or acombination of the two.

Part or all of synchronization process 516 may be skipped in someinstances. For example, the information apparatus 100 may alreadyinclude all the software components and data or drivers necessary foroutput to the selected output device or devices 140. This may be due tothe components having been uploaded from a previous synchronizationprocess 516 and left undeleted, or alternatively the user may havepreinstalled all the necessary components for output in the informationapparatus 100. In these cases, no software components are being uploadedand the user may be notified of this status for possible override ofsynchronization process 516. Alternatively synchronization process 516may be automatically skipped transparently to the user.

Step 518 indicates that print or output job processing is performed. Inthis step 518, the print request or print job is processed and digitalcontent or document may be converted to the final format to send to theoutput device 140 for output. At the beginning of this step 518, theuser may be provided with options to select or change or input printingor output preferences such as page layout, number of copies,color/grayscale, print quality parameters, etc. These options mayinclude or offer pre-configured user preferences or factory defaults.Some options, parameters and preferences may be device-dependent whileothers may be device-independent. For example, device dependentparameters and preferences may be presented after having synchronized oruploaded device dependent components or information from the outputcontroller 120. Device independent parameters and preferences may alsobe uploaded and synchronized like the device dependent parameters andpreferences or may be pre-installed as part of the output manager 308prior to the synchronization and uploading of information.

With reference to FIGS. 4A-4F, output controller 120 may be implementedin a variety of ways. Different implementations of output controller 120may impact the procedures described here. The original digital documentor content included or generated in an application 312 in informationapparatus 100 may be processed by different applications in differentlocations (application software 312, output manager 308, outputcontroller 120, printer controller) before being converted to a finalprint data that can be accepted by a printer engine for output. Forexample, raster image processing of the digital document to convert itto print data suitable to output device 140 may occur entirely orpartially in application software 312, output manager 308, outputcontroller 120, or the printer controller, depending on theimplementation, configuration, and the type of output system and outputdevice among others. Different processing procedures and embodimentsthat may be implemented in this step 518 are described in more detailbelow with reference to FIG. 7.

Step 520 indicates that the printer engine or display engine 908generates a final output. In this step 520, the processing result ofstep 518 is sent to a printer engine or display engine 908 of an outputdevice 140 to generate final output on a substrate, for example. Memorybuffers may be needed to temporarily store print data before output.Firmware, DSP, ASIC, FPGA, system-on-a-chip, software, or a combination,may be used or involved to convert digital data into signals suitablefor the printer engine or display engine 908.

After a print job or output job has been successfully printed ordisplayed, the user may be provided a choice (not shown) to delete thecomponents that have been uploaded to the information apparatus 100during the synchronization process 516. This optional feature may beuseful when the information apparatus 100 has limited storage space. Oneimplementation of this optional feature is to provide a setting in theoutput manager 308 in which the user has a choice to (1) always keep theuploaded data or components; or (2) always automatically delete theuploaded data or components upon completion of the print job, or uponexit of the application, or upon shutting down of the informationapparatus or upon elapse of certain amount of time; or (3) always askthe user whether to delete or keep the uploaded component or data.

The above description illustrates an exemplary embodiment of outputprocess 501. A printer is referred to as output device 140 in the aboveillustration, however, it should be recognized that output process 501could be easily applied to other output devices 140 such as faxmachines, digital copiers, display screens, TVs, monitors, projectors,voice output devices etc.

A pervasive output process implementing fewer or additional steps mayalso be possible. For example step 502, the discovery process, may beskipped if the user already knows which printer or printers are tooutput the content. As another example, a payment-processing step may beadded to the above-described output process 501 if the printing serviceis provided for a fee. Output controller 120, in this case, may provideservices such as calculating payment amount or collecting payments in avariety of possible forms, for example, credit card, bank card, cash,E-cash, smart card, among others. The payment information (e.g., creditcard number or other credit identification or payment) may be stored inthe information apparatus 100 and released to the output controller 120at the user's choice. Adding additional processes or skipping one ormore steps in output process 501 does not, however, depart from thespirit and scope of present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of service negotiation process 514. Inthis illustration, it is assumed that available output devices 140 havebeen identified from the discovery process 502. In the servicenegotiation process 514, information apparatus 100 exchanges informationwith output controller 120 or output devices 140. Service negotiationprocess 514 may include one or more of the following:

-   (1) The user may be provided with information on the available    output devices 140.-   (2) The user may select a desired output service according to the    information provided. The output manager 308 residing in the    information apparatus 100 may participate in, coordinate and manage    the service negotiation process 514, together with the output    controller 120.

In step 600, the user may be provided at information apparatus 100 withinformation on some or all available output devices 140 identified inthe discovery process 502. Information being provided here may includeone or more of the following:

-   -   Total number of available output devices discovered.    -   Model and make of each available output device.    -   Type and capability of the output device.    -   Type of service and quality of service provided by each        available output device.    -   Conditions under which the services are provided. For example,        if service charge or subscription fee is required and the        acceptable payment method.    -   Whether the use of each output device is restricted to certain        groups.    -   The components or information, if any, need to be uploaded to        the information apparatus to enable output to the selected        output devices.

Information collected during discovery process 502 may be provided tothe user through a user interface on the information apparatus 100, suchas a GUI or voice or another interface.

In step 602, based on some or all of the information provided, the usermay choose one or more output devices to take the print request or printjob. On the other hand, the user may choose to decline the outputservice offered, and choose not to output the document or content to anyof those devices. In this case, alternatives may be provided to the useras previously described with reference to step 508 (FIG. 508).

Authentication step 604 is optional, but may be necessary if, forexample, the use of an output device 140 is restricted to a group ofusers. In this case, the user may have to provide authenticationinformation to identify him/herself as part of the authorized group touse the service. Examples of authentication methods may include a user'sname, password, personal identification number (PIN), ID number,signatures, security keys (physical or digital), biometric, fingerprint,voice, etc. ID number or IP address of the information apparatus 100 mayalso be used as authentication information. Such authenticationinformation may be provided by the user manually or detectedautomatically by the output controller 120 or output device 140.

It should be recognized that FIG. 6 only provides one embodiment of theservice negotiation process 514 of present invention. A servicenegotiation process 514 having fewer or additional steps may also bepossible. As an example, step 604 (authentication) may not be necessaryif the use of an output device 140 is not restricted. As anotherexample, one or more steps, such as credit verification, payment,deposit, escrow, and receipt processing may be added to the negotiationprocess 514 if a service charge is involved. All these and otherpossible variations, however, shall not depart from the spirit and scopeof present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates different processing procedures that may beimplemented as part of output or print job processing step 518. For thisdescription, output device 140 is referred to as a printer and outputdata is referred to as print data. It should be understood that aprinter is only one embodiment of an output device. Display, projectionand audio devices are also output devices within the scope of presentinvention. In no way should the use of printer, in place of outputdevice, and print data, in place of output data, be viewed asrestricting the scope to a printing device in the following discussion.

In step 700, output manager 308 processes an input digital document orcontent 701 and converts it to print data 703 that can be transmitted tooutput controller 120, combined controller (120C, 120F) or directly toprinter engine 908. Rasterization, interpretation, encoding, decoding,etc. may take place in this step. In one implementation, print data 703may utilize an intermediate format or language to facilitate thetransmission of the digital document or content 701 to the outputcontroller 120. This intermediate format or language may be a predefinedinput format or language that the output controller 120 can understand.It is also possible in this step 700 that the output manager 308 simplypasses the digital document 701 in its original format to the outputcontroller 120 with little processing. In still another exemplaryimplementation, the output manager 308 may process (e.g. raster imageprocess) the digital content or document 701 into a final print data oroutput data format compatible to the input requirements of the outputdevice 140. Encryption techniques may be used to assure the security ofcommunication between information apparatus 100 and output devices 140.

As indicated above, output data or print data (in case of a printer) 703generated by step 700 may be in various formats. In one embodiment, theprint data 703 may be in a final format suitable for sending directly tothe printer engine. In this case, the output controller 120 does littleor no processing. One exemplary use of this configuration can beimplemented in a low cost inkjet printer that does not have a printercontroller. In this example, the print data 703 may be in a compressed 1bit or more CMYK data format that can be sent directly to the printerengine 908 for final output as shown in step 702. Or print data 703 canbe sent to the output controller 120 for possible optional features suchas buffering, queuing, and print job management as shown in step 704.

In another embodiment, output manager 308 may generate print data 703 inan intermediate format, language, or instruction that requires furtherprocessing. Examples of such format, language or instruction mayinclude, without limitations, Page description languages (e.g.PostScript, PCL), metafiles (e.g. EMF), markup languages (e.g. XML,HTML), image or graphics formats (TIFF, GIF, PNG, JPEG compressed),among others. The intermediate format may also include proprietarysolutions in page description languages, markup languages, metafiles,image and graphics formats, encoding and decoding, compression anddecompression. The above-mentioned intermediate formats may be usedindependently, or in combinations.

As described above with reference to FIG. 4, output controller 120 maybe implemented in a variety of ways. Different implementations of outputcontroller 120 may impact the processing procedures described here withreference to FIG. 7.

As shown in step 702, the print data 703 is sent directly to the printeror display engine 908 for final output with little or no furtherprocessing from output controller 120 or a printer controller 910. Inthis case, the print data or output data 703 is preferably to be in afinal format or language that can be understood by the printer ordisplay engine 908 that is part of the selected output devices ordevices 140.

Alternatively, as shown in step 704, print data 703 is sent to an outputcontroller 120 connected to or installed within a selected printer oroutput device 140. In one embodiment, the print data 703 may be in afinal format or language that can be understood and processed by theprinter or display engine 908. In this case, the output controller maybuffer the input print data 703 before passing it to the printer ordisplay engine 908 with little or no further processing. In anotherembodiment, print data 703 maybe in an intermediate format or languagenot understood by the printer 900 or output engine 908. Therefore, theoutput controller 120 may process the print data and convert it into afinal format, language or instruction that can be sent to the printerengine (or other output engine, in the case of other type of outputdevice).

Regardless of the format of input print data 703, the output controller120 may perform additional management functions such as paymentprocessing, service verification, authentication, print job management,queuing, spooling, quality of service among others.

As illustrated in step 706 and 708, the print data 703 may be processedby both output controller 120 (in step 706) and printer controller 910(in step 708) separately before being sent to the printer engine 908 forfinal output. For example, some printers, such as high-speed laserprinters, already include a printer controller 910 that has thecapability of processing certain types of input such as PostScript, PCL,and XML, among others. In this case, the output controller 120 mayprocess or convert the print data 703 into the input 707 required by theprinter controller 910. Alternatively, in a different implementation, ifthe print data 703 is already in one of the formats or languages thatare compatible and can be understood by the printer controller 910, theoutput controller 120 may simply buffer the print data 703 and sent itdirectly to the printer controller 910 as needed with little or noprocessing. In step 708, the printer controller 910 may performfunctions such as interpretation, decoding, and raster image processingoperations on the input print data 707 (such as a page descriptionlanguage) if such operations were not already performed by outputcontroller 120 or by output manager 308. The processed result of theprinter controller 910 may be sent to the printer engine 908 for finaloutput.

As illustrated in step 710, a single combined controller 120F, 120C (asillustrated in FIG. 4C and 4F) that combines the functionalities ofoutput controller 120 and a printer controller 910 may process the printdata. Applications that provide feature sets for each controller mayshare the same resources, such as processor, memory space, storage unit,etc. Under this configuration, the combined controller (120C, 120F) mayfurther process the print data 703 in step 710 if the print data 703 isnot already in the format or language required by printer engine. Thecombined controller (120C, 120F) may need to perform interpretation,decoding and rasterization operations in addition to converting theinput print data 703 (in one or more of intermediate formats describedpreviously) to the required format, language or instruction of theprinter engine 908 for output. If the print data 703 is already in thefinal format, language or instruction understood by the printer engine908, the combined controller (120C, 120F) might simply buffer the printdata 703 and send it as needed to the printer engine 908 for output.

Similarly, other than processing print data, the output controller 120and the combined controller (120C, 120F) may perform functions such aspayment processing (if service charge applies); print job management,queuing, spooling, etc.

FIGS. 8A -8E show a series of exemplary graphical user interfaces (GUIs)rendered at different times on a display screen 800 of an informationapparatus 100 to illustrate one implementation of the output process 501described with reference to FIG. 5. The user interfaces shown can beimplemented in an information apparatus 100 with or without an operatingsystem. The user interfaces illustrated here are only one example, andother user interfaces may also be implemented within the scope of thepresent invention.

Referring to FIG. 8A, a user receives an email on an informationapparatus 100 using an email application. Functions available to theuser are displayed at the bottom of the screen 800. Printing is one ofthe functions displayed by the “print” function control or icon 802. Theuser may invoke such functions by selecting the icons displayed. Theuser can make the selection by using, for example, any one orcombination of a keyboard, keypad, mouse, stylus, soft keys, pushbuttons, software command, touch sensitive screen, etc. The user mayalso make such selection by, for example, a pull down menu,voice-activated command, etc.

As the user selects “Print” function control 802, the output processdescribed with reference to FIG. 5 is invoked. As a result, the user isnotified of all the printers, if any, available that can take the printor output job. If no available printers are detected, the user may alsobe notified and provided with alternatives as described with referenceto steps 506 and 508 of FIG. 5.

Assume in this example that three printers are found available as theresult of discovery process step 502. In FIG. 8B, screen 810 informs theuser of the make and model of each available printer. The user mayobtain further information on each available printer by, for example,selecting a “more information” control or arrow sign 814 displayed afterthe name of each printer. Further information provided here may include,without limitation, service options offered by each printer, quality ofservices provided, service charge if any, acceptable payment method, andwhether the use of such printer is restricted to a certain group.

If a printer is restricted to be used by a certain group, the user maybe required to provide identification information before being able toselect this printer. For example, to use a printer placed in the hallwayof a company office building, a user may have to identify himself orherself as an employee of such company. Password, personalidentification number or I.D. number of the information apparatus 100may be required for authorization purposes. The identificationinformation may be provided by the user manually or detected by theoutput controller 120 or output device 140 automatically. If the printerprovides fee-based service, certain payment process steps may berequired additionally, which are not shown in the figures forsimplicity.

After the user has successfully selected the desired output device ordevices in the service negotiation process 514, the informationapparatus 100 may communicate with output controller 120 to identifydata or software components, if any, which need to be uploaded to theinformation apparatus 100 to enable printing. The output manager 308residing in the information apparatus 100 may participate in, coordinateand manage the communications between applications in the informationapparatus 100 and the output controller 120.

In this particular example, as illustrated in FIG. 8C, the communicationbetween the information apparatus 100 and the output controller 120 hasidentified that a printer driver needs to be uploaded as displayed onscreen 820. Options are provided to the user as whether or not tocontinue the process. This information and selection are optional as theprocess may be implemented transparently to the user. Other optionalinformation that the information apparatus 100 may provide to the userincludes, for example, the estimation of time needed for the uploading.

The above description gives an example of a printer driver componentthat may need to be uploaded. Other components and combinations may alsobe possible; this may include for example a partial print driver, data,software components, or a user interface. A partial print driver orcomponent may for example include only device dependent softwarecomponents and data specific to an output device. Device independentcode and data of the device driver may have been previously installed inthe information apparatus 100 and therefore need not be uploaded. It isalso possible that no components need to be uploaded because all thecomponents needed for printing to the selected output device 140 mayalready reside in the information apparatus 100. Assuming in thisexample that the user agrees to upload the driver, FIG. 8D illustratesan example of an interface when synchronization process 516 proceeds.

When the synchronization process 516 is completed, screen 840 isdisplayed to the user as shown in FIG. 8E. The user may use screen 840to select a preference such as page range, number of copies, number ofcards per page, color or grayscale, page layout parameters, etc.Selecting “property” control or button 842, the user may be providedwith more device-dependent options such as color and tone adjustments,halftoning parameters, duplexing, resolution, watermarking, etc.

Steps 518 and 520 can proceed after the user finishes selecting anypreferences. The user, after selecting the confirmation control or “OK”button 844 shown in FIG. 8E, waits to obtain the printout or otheroutput from the printer or printers 140 selected. FIG. 8F illustrates aninterface for the printing process of steps 518 and 520.

After the print job has been successfully finished, the user may beprovided with an option to keep or delete the printer driver or softwarecomponents or synchronized device dependent data, which was uploaded toinformation apparatus 100 in the earlier steps. This option may bebeneficial to those mobile information apparatuses 100 with limitedmemory space or a casual user of that particular output device 140. Auser who frequently uses a selected printer may wish to keep the printerdriver, software components, or data installed so that synchronizationfor uploading components may be skipped when the printer is used again.

FIGS. 8A-8E illustrate only one example of the output process shown inFIG. 5. While the above descriptions contain much specificity, theseshould not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention,but rather as exemplary embodiment thereof. Other user interfaces andembodiments may also be implemented. The process may also be implementedwith more or fewer steps. As an example, security verification,authentication, and payment processing may be added to steps illustratedin FIGS. 8A-8E. As another example, the step illustrated by FIG. 8C maybe skipped as the loading process proceeds automatically when the userselects a desired printer or printers. These and other possiblevariations do not however depart from the scope of present invention.

Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by theembodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their legalequivalents.

Having described and illustrated the principles of our invention withreference to an illustrated embodiment, it will be recognized that theillustrated embodiment can be modified in arrangement and detail withoutdeparting from such principles. In view of the many possible embodimentsto which the principles of our invention may be applied, it should berecognized that the detailed embodiments are illustrative only andshould not be taken as limiting the scope of our invention. Rather, Iclaim as my invention all such embodiments as may come within the scopeand spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A mobile information apparatus operable formaking mobile payments by short range wireless communication with awireless controller device that is within a limited physical distance,the wireless output controller being a distinct device from the mobileinformation apparatus, the mobile information apparatus is at least asmart phone or an Internet-Pad, the mobile information apparatuscomprising: a processing unit; operating system software; a touchsensitive screen interface for interacting with the user; a digitalcamera for taking pictures; an antenna for transmitting short rangeradio frequency signals to wireless controller devices that are within alimited physical distance from the mobile information apparatus; awireless communication unit for managing local wireless communicationwith wireless controller devices that are within a limited physicaldistance from the mobile information apparatus; a memory or storage unitstoring at least part of payment information at the informationapparatus, the payment information being associated, at least in part,with a credit card or a bank card related to the user of the mobileinformation apparatus; wherein, the mobile information apparatus isconfigured for: discovering, over the antenna of the mobile informationapparatus, the wireless output controller, the discovering of thewireless output controller is limited to when the mobile informationapparatus is within a limited local physical distance from the wirelessoutput controller; establishing, by the wireless communication unit overthe antenna, a short range radio frequency communication link directlybetween the mobile information apparatus and the wireless outputcontroller; generating, at the mobile information apparatus, encryptedoutput data for ensuring security of communication from the mobileinformation apparatus to the wireless output controller for transactionmanagement, the encrypted output data is associated with the paymentinformation stored at the memory or storage unit of the mobileinformation apparatus, and the payment information is associated, atleast partly, with a credit card; receiving at least an indication fromthe user of the mobile information apparatus authorizing the release ofpayment information from the mobile information apparatus to thewireless output controller, the indication from the user includesfingerprint authentication of the user; and subsequent to thefingerprint authentication that identifies the user of the informationapparatus, the mobile information apparatus is operable for wirelesstransmitting at least part of the encrypted output data, over the shortrange radio frequency communication link directly from the mobileinformation apparatus, to the wireless output controller for processingpayment associated with a transaction.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 inwhich the security of the mobile payment is implemented with all of thefollowing: (1) a physical distance restriction directly between themobile information apparatus and the wireless output controller; (2) anencryption technique applied on data being transmitted from the mobileinformation apparatus to the wireless output controller; and (3)fingerprint authentication of the user of the mobile informationapparatus.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 in which accessing the mobilepayment service further comprises obtaining, at the mobile informationapparatus, at least one of a password, a PIN code, a personalidentification number, or an ID number, individually or in anycombination.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising instructingthe user of the mobile information apparatus to physically point themobile information apparatus directly to the wireless output controllerto be within a limited physical distance for establishing short rangeradio frequency communication link directly between the mobileinformation apparatus and the wireless output controller.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1 in which the mobile information apparatus is asmart phone that includes: a touch sensitive screen interface forinteracting with the user; a graphical user interface over the touchsensitive screen; a digital camera for taking pictures; and one or moreapplications installed, wherein the operating system software furthersupports an application programming interface (API) to facilitateoperations of the one or more applications at the mobile informationapparatus, and the smart phone further allows the user to installadditional applications for expanding the functionalities of the smartphone.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 in which accessing the mobile paymentservice further comprises obtaining, at the mobile informationapparatus, biometric information associated with the user.
 7. A methodfor mobile payment operable with a mobile information apparatus that isat least a smart phone or an Internet-Pad, the mobile informationapparatus having: a processing unit, operating system software that isexecutable, at least partly, by the processing unit of the mobileinformation apparatus, a touch sensitive screen interface forinteracting with the user, a digital camera for taking pictures, anantenna for transmitting short range radio frequency signals forwireless communication with wireless controller devices that are withina limited physical distance from the mobile information apparatus, awireless communication unit for managing local wireless communicationwith a wireless controller device that is within a limited physicaldistance from the mobile information apparatus, a memory or storage unitstoring at least part of payment information at the informationapparatus, the payment information being associated, at least in part,with a credit card or a bank card related to the user of the mobileinformation apparatus, the method comprising: establishing, by thewireless communication unit and over the antenna, a short range radiofrequency communication link directly between the mobile informationapparatus and a wireless output controller, the wireless outputcontroller being a distinct and separate device from the mobileinformation apparatus, and the establishing of the short range radiofrequency communication link is limited to when the mobile informationapparatus is within a limited physical distance from the wireless outputcontroller; generating, at the mobile information apparatus, encryptedoutput data for ensuring security of communication from the mobileinformation apparatus to the wireless output controller, the encryptedoutput data is associated with the payment information, and the paymentinformation is associated, at least partly, with a credit card or a bankcard; receiving at least an indication from the user of the mobileinformation apparatus for releasing payment information from the mobileinformation apparatus to the wireless output controller, the indicationfrom the user includes fingerprint authentication of the user of theinformation apparatus; and subsequent to the fingerprint authenticationthat identifies the user of the information apparatus, wirelesstransmitting at least part of the encrypted output data, over the shortrange radio frequency communication link directly from the mobileinformation apparatus to the wireless output controller for processingpayment associated with a transaction.
 8. The method of claim 7 in whichthe security of the mobile payment method relies, at least in part, onall of the following: (1) a physical distance restriction directlybetween the mobile information apparatus and the wireless outputcontroller; (2) an encryption technique applied on the data beingtransmitted from the mobile information apparatus to the wireless outputcontroller; and (3) fingerprint authentication of the user of the mobileinformation apparatus.
 9. The method of claim 7 in which accessing themobile payment service further comprises obtaining, at the mobileinformation apparatus, at least one of a password, a PIN code, apersonal identification number, or an ID number, individually or in anycombination, for authorizing payment service.
 10. The method of claim 7,further comprising instructing the user of the mobile informationapparatus to physically point the mobile information apparatus directlyto a wireless output controller to be within the limited physicaldistance for establishing the short range distance wirelesscommunication link.
 11. The method of claim 7, further comprisingdiscovering the wireless output controller device when the mobileinformation apparatus is within the limited physical distance directlybetween the mobile information apparatus and the wireless outputcontroller.
 12. The method of claim 7 in which, after the wirelessoutput controller receives output data from the mobile informationapparatus, the method further comprises the wireless output controllerimplementing a payment service and a transaction management service. 13.The method of claim 7, further comprising obtaining a signature from theuser of the information apparatus for authorizing payment.
 14. A mobileinformation apparatus system for mobile payment, the system is at leasta smart phone or an Internet-Pad, the system comprising: a processingunit; software executable by the processing unit for receiving, at themobile information apparatus system, fingerprint authentication from theuser of the mobile information apparatus for authorizing mobile payment;a touch sensitive screen interface for interacting with the user; amemory or storage unit storing at least part of payment information atthe information apparatus, the payment information being associated, atleast in part, with a credit card or a bank card related to the user ofthe mobile information apparatus system; an antenna for transmittingshort range radio frequency signals; and a wireless communication unitfor establishing short range radio frequency communication, and whereinsubsequent to having received the fingerprint authentication from theuser authorizing payment, the wireless communication unit is configuredfor: managing local wireless communication with a wireless outputcontroller that is within a limited physical distance from the mobileinformation apparatus; establishing, a short range radio frequencycommunication link directly between the mobile information apparatus anda wireless output controller, the wireless output controller being adistinct and separate device from the mobile information apparatus, andthe establishing of the short range radio frequency communication linkis limited to when the mobile information apparatus is within a limitedphysical distance from the wireless output controller; obtaining paymentinformation from the memory or storage unit, the payment information isassociated, at least partly, with a credit card or a bank card;encrypting data for communication, the encryption being for ensuringsecurity of communication from the mobile information apparatus to thewireless output controller; and transmitting the payment informationthat includes encrypted data, over the short range radio frequencycommunication link directly from the mobile information apparatus, tothe wireless output controller for processing payment.
 15. The system ofclaim 14 in which the security of the mobile payment relies, at least inpart, on all of the following: (1) a physical distance restrictiondirectly between the mobile information apparatus and the wirelessoutput controller; and (2) an encryption technique applied on the databeing transmitted from the mobile information apparatus to the wirelessoutput controller; and (3) fingerprint authentication of the user of themobile information apparatus for authorizing payment.
 16. The system ofclaim 14, wherein the user of the information apparatus is charged a feefor using the payment service.
 17. The system of claim 14, furthercomprising instructing the user of the mobile information apparatus tophysically point the mobile information apparatus directly to a wirelessoutput controller to be within the limited physical distance forestablishing the short range radio frequency communication link.
 18. Thesystem of claim 14, wherein the encryption of data is implemented byboth software and hardware as a security implementation.
 19. The systemof claim 14 in which accessing the mobile payment service furthercomprises obtaining, at the mobile information apparatus, at least oneof a password, a PIN code, a personal identification number, or an IDnumber, individually or in any combination, for authorizing payment. 20.The system of claim 14 in which the mobile information apparatus is asmart phone that includes: a touch sensitive screen interface forinteracting with the user; a graphical user interface over the touchsensitive screen; a digital camera for taking pictures; one or moreapplications installed; and operating system software that supports anapplication programming interface (API) to facilitate operations of theone or more applications at the mobile information apparatus, whereinthe smart phone further allows the user to install additionalapplications for expanding the functionalities of the smart phone.